> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.akenza.io/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.akenza.io/device-management/your-data-flow/device-connector/device-security/using-device-credentials/using-json-web-tokens-jwts/python.md).

# Python

To authenticate to the akenza MQTT broker using device credentials, a device must send a JSON Web Token (JWT, [RFC 7519](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519)).

Each JWT is composed of three components: a header, a payload (containing a claim set), and a signature.

The following python modules need to be installed in order for the scripts to work.

* [paho-mqtt](https://pypi.org/project/paho-mqtt/) for sending mqtt messages
* [pycryptodome](https://pypi.org/project/pycryptodome/) for reading public key PEM files and creating the fingerprint
* [PyJWT](https://pyjwt.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) s a Python library which allows you to encode and decode JSON Web Tokens (JWT).

### Using an RSA Private Key

<pre class="language-python" data-line-numbers><code class="lang-python"><strong>import paho.mqtt.publish as publish
</strong>import jwt
import datetime
import ssl
import hashlib
from Crypto.PublicKey import RSA

device_id = "&#x3C;deviceId>"
topic = f"/up/device/id/{device_id}"
host = "mqtt.akenza.io"
port = 8883
payload = '{"temperature":22}'

public_key_file_path = "./rsa_public.pem"
private_key_file_path = "./rsa_private.pem"


def create_jwt(device_id, private_key_file, public_key_file, algorithm="RS256"):
    token = {
        "iat": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
        "exp": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) + datetime.timedelta(minutes=20),
        "aud": f"https://akenza.io/devices/{device_id}"
    }
    headers = {
        "kid": get_public_key_fingerprint(public_key_file)
    }
    with open(private_key_file, "r") as f:
        private_key = f.read()

    return jwt.encode(token, private_key, algorithm=algorithm, headers=headers)


def get_public_key_fingerprint(public_key_file):
    with open(public_key_file, "r") as f:
        public_key = RSA.import_key(f.read())

    return hashlib.sha256(public_key.export_key(format="DER")).hexdigest()


tls_config = {
    "cert_reqs": ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
    "tls_version": ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
}

mqtt_password = create_jwt(device_id, private_key_file_path, public_key_file_path)
auth = {
    "username": "unused",
    "password": mqtt_password
}

publish.single(topic, payload, hostname=host, port=port, tls=tls_config, auth=auth, client_id=device_id)

</code></pre>

### Using an EC Private Key

```python
import paho.mqtt.publish as publish
import jwt
import datetime
import ssl
import hashlib
from Crypto.PublicKey import ECC

device_id = "<deviceId>"
topic = f"/up/device/id/{device_id}"
host = "mqtt.akenza.io"
port = 8883
payload = '{"temperature":22}'

public_key_file_path = "./ec_public.pem"
private_key_file_path = "./ec_private.pem"


def create_jwt(device_id, private_key_file, public_key_file, algorithm="ES256"):
    token = {
        "iat": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
        "exp": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc) + datetime.timedelta(minutes=20),
        "aud": f"https://akenza.io/devices/{device_id}"
    }
    headers = {
        "kid": get_public_key_fingerprint(public_key_file)
    }
    with open(private_key_file, "r") as f:
        private_key = f.read()

    return jwt.encode(token, private_key, algorithm=algorithm, headers=headers)


def get_public_key_fingerprint(public_key_file):
    with open(public_key_file, "r") as f:
        public_key = ECC.import_key(f.read())

    return hashlib.sha256(public_key.export_key(format="DER")).hexdigest()


tls_config = {
    "cert_reqs": ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
    "tls_version": ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2
}

mqtt_password = create_jwt(device_id, private_key_file_path, public_key_file_path)
auth = {
    "username": "unused",
    "password": mqtt_password
}

publish.single(topic, payload, hostname=host, port=port, tls=tls_config, auth=auth, client_id=device_id)

```


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